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A bank (independent) guarantee has long been a key tool for businesses. It allows them to conclude contracts, work with deferred payments, participate in tenders, and scale their operations without withdrawing funds from circulation. However, in practice, many companies face failures without fully understanding the reasons.

The logic of container shipping does not work when it comes to industrial shipments of raw materials. How to transport 50,000 tons of grain? There is a separate world for this — bulk carrier transportation. In this article, we look at how this market works in practice: from the types of ships and the formation of freight rates to the key players. We explain why direct access to a shipowner is a key element of cost and risk management in large—scale logistics.